The framing of the church settlement of 1559 Essay Example for Free

The framing of the church settlement of 1559 Essay Elizabeth faced numerous obstacles following her accession as Queen of England, but the main sector of concern was the religious aspect of society. England was at war against the France, as they sided with the Spanish, and also the Parliament was a key constituent of Elizabethan religious settlement. The Parliament was a hindrance to Elizabeth’s progress as many of the Parliament members were religious conservatives, which implied difficulty when presenting and passing the bill to the House of Commons. Presenting the bill to the House of Lords would prove toughest to Elizabeth and her ministers. It cannot be denied that her personal preference and her Counsel’s decisions respectively played a large role in making sure the bill was passed, although it must be acknowledged that she and her councilors had to compromise to achieve their main religious aims. Susan Doran believes that Queen Elizabeth had successfully fulfilled her goal in terms of religious settlement, while her councilors thought the general outcome fell short of her primary plans. The complicated international affairs that England was stuck in after Mary’s reign put Elizabeth in a troublesome position. As Edmund Grindal, Bishop of London, proposed, plans for religious settlement were heavily delayed to the desperate search for peace. Elizabeth had to deviate from her main plans for religious settlement has she had to be involved in he ongoing war against Spain, which England had entered in 1557, later into Mary’s reign. Furthermore, to make matters worse, she had to prevent any potential threat to the throne from Mary Stuart, who was in alliance with France. In order to prevent Catholic nations from turning against England and to avoid any large-scale domestic uprising amongst English Catholics, Elizabeth was keen on not infuriating Catholics. She pursued this plan by retaining certain aspects of the traditional Catholic Church. On the other hand, she still showed signs of Protestant settlement, as she had recalled her papal ambassador and had formed alliance with strongly Protestant German princes. The Peace of Cateau-Cambresis in 1559 would emphasise on the link between Elizabethan religious settlement and England’s international affair. Even though, this would result in the loss of Calais, the borders neighbouring Scotland would be soothed and English settlement could be spread more quickly. In addition, retaining hope in Philip II to potentially marry Elizabeth in the nearer future would enable Philip II to make sure the Pope did not take any action against Elizabeth. Although, she does eventually get excommunicated, this is much later on in the reign where Philip II’s hopes have dried up. After international affairs were gradually settled through the peace treaty, it was her personal preference that played a key role in the religious settlement. It is crystal clear that Elizabeth desired a Protestant settlement but not a radical one. She rejected papal authority unsurprisingly and also denied the concept of transubstantiation, which caused tremors amongst the more conservatives of Elizabeth’s reign. Even with clear motives of Protestant settlement, she was still keen on sustaining certain traditional and conservative aspects of the Church. She was very fond of Catholic ornaments in the Royal Chapel and had Catholic musicians and choir in her presence. Even though she rejected the doctrine of transubstantiation, she still partially accepted the concept that there was some sort of presence in the communion bread and wine, which was a common though amongst Lutherans. Such personal preference were reflected directly in her proposal to Parliament as she wanted to reintroduce the 1552 Book of Common Prayer and break away from papal authority. However, the House of Lords did not allow the bill to be passed, which is why Elizabeth and her ministers had to take a different approach to religious settlement. Furthermore, Elizabeth’s counsel could be considered another large body to have influenced religious settlement. She had appointed members who had previously served Edward VI, which would imply an already-Protestant mindset. It is acknowledged that there were many members of her Privy Council who were strong Catholics for international affairs of not having Catholic states turn against England. However, as her appointment of Francis Knollys, earl of Bedford, and William Cecil, she was still keen on having the fundamental protestant foundation even within her councilors. For instance, William Cecil and Nicholas Bacon were key members of the Privy Council who were able to advise and guide the Queen before and during initial rejections and failures of passing the Bill. Such failures including Winchester and Shrewsbury voting against the Bill still emphasise the influence the members had on Elizabeth’s decision and the Bill itself. The last large consideration that influenced religious settlement was the Parliament itself. It had rejected the first bill proposed by Elizabeth until they made amendments for the final settlement. Elizabeth tried to discredit and Marian bishops before the amended bills were to be re-proposed to Parliament. Although Elizabeth was indeed able to hinder the Catholic bishop, there were key amendements made in the bill. For instance, Elizabeth was given the title â€Å"Supreme Governor† not â€Å"Supreme Head†. It is unclear whether or not this change in title name was for conservative reasons or to calm political stirs of a woman naming herself superior to laymen. However, it still ensured her to have as much authority as Henry VIII or her brother. Amendements in the Uniformity Bill targeted the concept of transubstantiation as people were not in favour of the complete denial and rejection of this doctrine. Therefore, priests modified the words used in the Uniformity Bill to create deliberate ambiguity. This would allow diverse interpretations to be made by peers allowing less opposition. Last, the â€Å"Ornaments Rubric† allowed traditional vestments and ornaments to be sustained in Church. It can be argued that the Catholics Bishops in the House of Lords had finally been given the upper hand; however, it must also be taken into consideration that this could simply have been part of Elizabeth’s personal preference as she was keen on keeping traditional ornaments in her Royal Chapel. In conclusion, the framing of the religious settlement of 1559 was based on numerous factors. The main influence on the settlement was her personal religious preferences such as the traditional ornaments and a not-so-radical Protestant movement. The international dilemma she was stuck in had indeed hindered her progress of Protestant settlement. However, as this tribulation cleared up, her council members could help her construct her bill to be passed. However, the Parliament’s involvement or influence must also be considered largely as it rejected the first Bill and allowed important amendments to be made.

text comparison :: essays research papers

I chose to compare the Martini chapter, which I will refer to as â€Å"Martini,† to â€Å"Human Anatomy† by Kent Van De Graaff, which I will refer to as â€Å"Graaff.† The chapter being compared in both texts is the reproductive system. Graaff decided to separate the male and female reproductive systems into two chapters, which didn’t help or hurt the content. Both texts provided very good information, and both had their good and not so good aspects.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  The opening pages of both texts look very similar and provide a lot of the same material. Both provided a very clear and precise diagram of the male reproductive system, however, Martini provided a stepwise diagram of the decent of the testes, which Graaff did not. Both texts used very clear and accurate pictures of actual cells such as the testes and other various structures of the reproductive system.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Both texts use a diagram to help visualize the processes of meiosis and mitosis; however, I found the diagram used by Martini to me easier to understand. The diagram used by Graaff tried to keep the DNA structures inside a cell which made it more difficult to see each DNA strand, and hence see what happens to it at each stage of division. Martini also provided pictures of spermatozoon structures, which Graaff did not.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  I found no significant difference in the quality of information presented about the male reproductive system in either text. Each seemed to give a clear, and concise explanation of each accessory structure. For example, in Martini, even the smaller structures like the ductus deferens and accessory glands were given attention, and even a whole page of diagram, and also a section devoted to hormones and their functions in the male reproductive system gave very accurate information about the role of FSH in spermatogenesis, and LH in androgen production. Graaff did a very nice job at explaining endocrine functions of the testes, and it also gave a nice table giving the actions of androgens in the male.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Toward the end of the male reproductive section, Graff had a clinical considerations section which gave a very short, but informative description of various sexual dysfunctions in males, and developmental problems that can sometimes alter the male reproductive system. Also after this section there is a nice developmental exposition section, which covers formation of male reproductive organs from embryonic development through to the decent of the testes.

Buying a Car Essay

My generation ( Gen Y) are known as the global generation, culturally diverse; we have mobile careers , we are travellers and basically we don’t like being tied down to long term commitments. So I am not overly excited at the prospects of buying a car. They cost a lot, I could use that money to pay off my HECS debt or go overseas with this money. Besides anything else, it’s dangerous being on the road, according to statistics young people are far more likely to be involved in a road crash than any other age group on the road and besides, public transport allows me to use my ‘i’ stuff and keep connected with my friends and family rather than spending hours on the road concentrating trying to avoid crashing. So, do I really want a car? Introduction Buying a new car has legal and fiscal consequences. Without a full understanding of your rights and responsibilities you could leave yourself open to costly legal battles, fines or end up with a poor credit rating that would have consequences for many years to come. Purchasing a new car requires research, consideration and an understanding of your rights and responsibilities under the law before any contracts are signed or any vehicles purchased. The legal and fiscal responsibilities include loan repayments, registration, insurance, running cost and awareness of your consumer rights. I will be discussing responsibilities as a responsible consumer and inform you of your consumer rights in relation to purchasing a vehicle. Body The guidelines for this research are to following, a budget of $35,000 and then select either a new, 2013, KIA hatchback at $15400 or a used, 2009, Mazda 3 at $12000. The two financial institutions that I chose from were the ANZ bank and the Nation Australia Bank, known as NAB. From this I had to purchase a vehicle as well as making sure I had enough money to maintain the car as well, according to my needs. Loans for cars are obtained from financial institutions such as banks and building societies. The loan for the purchase and running costs of the car was financed by the ANZ bank rather than the NAB. Both are reputable institutions, however the cheaper rate in combination with investments I already had with the bank made it the better choice . The repayments were compared with NAB with a rate of 13.76% which was more expensive when compared with ANZ’s 12.99%. The loan with ANZ worked out at repayments of $ 186.12 per week which would total at $9678.24 per year. The loan taken out is a personal loan for $35,000 not a specific car loan. A secured car loan would have been cheaper as the institution would have the car as security. However I wanted more than the cost of the car so the extra needed to be a personal. Registration of a car is a legal requirement for the vehicle to be on the road, with dire consequences if this registration is not maintained. The registration allows for common safety standards to be enforced and provides an efficient system to prevent the re-registration of stolen or unroadworthy vehicles . A car must legally be registered to drive on roads and can be registered for 6 or 12 months. The cost for both cars was $173.80 for six months with a yearly cost of $347.60. Cars are registered at the Department of Main Roads customer service section. The following steps are needed to complete registration, a road worthy or safety certificate, a completed registration application form, a compulsory third party certificate if not included in registration, old registration papers, evidence of a vehicles garage address, evidence of an individual’s identification and a means of paying registration fees. There are two main types of insurances for cars. One is compulsory and the other optional. The compulsory insurance is called compulsory third party insurance and is collected as part of your vehicle registration in Queensland. It indemnifies vehicle owners and drivers who are legally liable for personal injury to any other party in a crash, however the coast of the third part vehicle are not covered. Comprehensive insurance, covers you and your property in the case of a crash. You can get third party property car insurance, however this does not cover damage to your own vehicle so I decided not to explore the option any further. Two insurance companies were researched, AAMI and RACQ. AAMI ‘s new car insurance calculated to $412.60 per year. This was compared with RACQ, which came to$ 617.20 per year. Insurance can be paid online which is cheaper, or at the insurance companies’ call centre. Used car comprehensive insurance was $441.98 dollars per year. AAMI was chosen as it was the cheapest insurance. It is a reputable company and the terms and conditions of the insurance policy suitable for the car’s requirements. Running costs are a fiscal responsibility that needs to be calculated into a budget when purchasing a vehicle. The following running costs have been calculated on the cars stipulated in the research guidelines. The new car running costs include fuel at $1357.20 for the year. This was calculated using an average kilometre usage of 15,080 kilometres per year. Servicing came to $ 904.80 and tyres came to $174.92 per year. Cleaning costs were included adding up to $1040 per year. The total running costs for a new car is $3477. The used car costs were similar with fuel at $1357.20, servicing at $821.86 and tyres $168.89.The costs of cleaning over a year was calculated to $1040 dollars. The total running costs for the used car for 12 months came to $3387.95, making the difference almost negligible. Consumer rights are the rights that are protected under law for every Australian. Car dealers,insurance companies and finance corporations are legally bound to comply with the terms and conditions of their deals. Consumers and companies are bound under government acts and policies to adhere to the loan, insurance terms & conditions and warranties. The new car has a warranty which ensures that the dealership should guarantee any faults that occur and are listed on the warranty. If they do not, you have the right to go to the Department Of Consumer Affairs, fill in a consumer complaint form and the department will act on your behalf. The dealership is obliged by law under the motor vehicle dealership act to guarantee a warranty. Even if the used car that does not have a warranty, The dealership must comply with what was advertised when selling the car or consumer affairs can support the complaint form. If you buy a car privately, there will be no warranty. You should invest in a Vehicle Inspection to determine the condition of the vehicle before you purchase. You should also check with the Personal Properties Securities Register (PPSR) to ensure that the seller has clear title on the vehicle and that any hire purchase or other loan agreements related to the vehicle have been paid out. If the seller does owe money on the vehicle, it could prevent you becoming the legal owner. You should also check the registration papers to ensure that the owner is the seller. If the vehicle is unlicensed you need to obtain proof that the seller has the right to sell the vehicle. Conclusion The total costs for the new car is $30577.68 with $4422.32 left over. The used car total costs come to $25018.09 with left over money of $9981.91. My budget allows for me to buy both either the used car or the new car with left over money from both. I have decided to buy the new car as it is covered with a warranty and my consumer rights will ensure I am covered if the dealer reneges on the contract. I also like the peace of mind of knowing that the car is new and reliable. I am not taking on a car that has been used with no guarantee on its reliability. So after all that; do I really want to buy a car? I have taken into account the costs and the legal responsibilities of buying a car, including my consumer rights and obligations .So, you know what; I am going to stick with public transport and where I have a lot of rights and no responsibilities, except to pay for my ticket and keep my mouth shut. Thanks for listening everyone and all the best for making smart choices when purchasing a vehicle.

Doing Business In China Summary - 1605 Words

Prior to reading the Harvard Business Review on Doing Business in China, I assumed that business was a universal thing around the world. I assumed that business was the same in all countries. I assumed that every country had the same end goals when it came to business. As a result, I assumed that all countries followed a similar template for how business negotiations work. I was under the assumption that business was all about numbers and money; I didn’t expect to see so much energy focused on creating relationships. I originally assumed China was a very strict and numbers based country when it came to business. In my mind, China was this giant country where everything is made and manufactured at a lower price. As a result, I assumed that†¦show more content†¦As a result, Pepsi Co. has struggled to survive in the Chinese market. Pepsi Co.’s equivalent to Sprite, 7Up, has not been met by the acceptance that Sprite received. Sales of Pepsi to 7Up have a ratio of 4:1 (Harvard Business Review on Doing Business in China). Ultimately telling us that Pepsi has been unsuccessful at selling this product (In China, Coke Fights to Stay Ahead of Pepsi). From reading about this, I have learned that it is critical that you understand you market in order to be successful. This lesson that I learned is one that will help me in many of my future classes. I look forward to traveling to China and observing peoples drink choices to see whether Coca-Cola is actually more common than Pepsi. One of my favorite parts of this book was learning about how advertising differs in China. In America, advertising is flashy. Many advertisements feature celebrities in hopes of gaining consumers attention. Americans buy products they see celebrities using in hopes of becoming more like the famous people they see using the products. This is very different from advertising in China. In China, ads place a large focus on the facts. 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