The Transition From The Traditional Hunter Gatherer Societies

The transition from the traditional hunter gatherer societies, in to an agriculture based living system, has allowed humans to increase their population size, putting strains on the Earth’s environment. Agriculture has also brought along with it a decrease in women’s roles in the community, while also bringing about a class system where the wealthy rule, and were the weak and poor obey. As humans began to domesticate more plants and animals, they settled in permanent areas. The Change from hunter gatherer benefited few, but had dire consequences for the earth and groups with in it. One such consequence was the population increase, which has lead to major issues throughout history, and one that has ties to current global issues. As more people shifted towards an agriculture based society, many began to produce a surplus of food. This surplus allowed people a new privilege, to allocate to a single area for an extended period of time. More and more people began to settle down in this fashion, eventually once small hunter-gatherer tribes grew into chiefdoms, and chiefdoms expanded into city-states. Populations as a result began to increase in size and expand its territory to meet the new demands of the increasing population. This expansion would not come free however, mother nature itself had to pay the price. Strayer conveys with this quote the extent to which agriculture had on the world’s population and it s affect on the environment. â€Å"On a global level, scholars estimateShow MoreRelatedThe Western Relationship With Nature1735 Words   |  7 Pagesconstruct of nature in other societies. This avenue is imperative to this essay as many of the environmental and social issues that are present in to day’s world are entangled by a certain subset of Western or European set of values denoting how to interact with the environment. These generally center around the notions of ‘development’ and ‘modernity’. Reading widely on the topic, one finds most of the literature of non-western ideals of nature are centered upon ‘traditional’ and religious views of environmentRead MoreAchievements Of The Neolithic Revolution1585 Words   |  7 PagesTania Covarrubias Research Prospectus Dee Kille November 30, 2017 Neolithic Revolution The Neolithic revolution has influenced encompassing the centuries 13,000 B.C to 5000 B.C in many continents changed society from hunter-gatherer to agriculture. Along with this came change in life style, human dynamics and population. Throughout its discovery revealed down faults and successes that created our current agriculture. Discoveries such as clothing, wovel, makeup products were essential for individualsRead MoreAncient History Gender Stratification Balanced On One Crucial892 Words   |  4 Pagescrucial fact: women have children and men cannot. This automatically increases their value. As the society moves farther away from the risk of annihilation, the roles of the females trend towards the domestic sphere where the primitive hunter-gatherer society requires a greater contribution from girls to survive. Gender roles within particular cultures such as the Asian, African, and Native American societies varied depending on the means of garnering sustenance and religions of the periods, but regardlessRead MoreThe Past And Present Defining Characteristics Of The Sami Peoples1712 Words   |  7 Pagesdistinct from those of their predesesors, such as pressures to conform to modern society, economic struggles, and in some cases, loss of community. It is important to evaluate both the past and present defining characteristics of the Sami peoples to fully understand their culture. One of the most well known characterisitics of the Sami is their skill in reindeer pastoralism. Though, pastoralism was not their initial mode of substiance, instead, the Sami began as a hunter gatherer society. As northernRead MoreProblems with Modern Food Production and Consumption756 Words   |  3 PagesDiamond (2002) states that the â€Å"archeological and ethnographic record throughout the world shows that the transition from hunting and gathering to farming eventually resulted in more work, lower adult stature, worse nutritional condition and heavier disease burdens† (p. 700). I will look more at the nutritional condition and diseases associated with modern society compared to foraging societies. Foraging is healthier in a sense when compared to the modern western lifestyle. Forging can be healthierRead MoreNanda and Warms, Bodley, Lee Study Guide1662 Words   |  7 Pages Ethnocentrism- Is the belief that one’s own culture is superior to any other. Cultural relativism- Anthropologists must believe that all cultures are of equal value and need to study them from a neutral point of view in order to understand how cultural practices developed, how they work in society, and how they are experienced by the people who live them Participant observation- Gaining a close and intimate familiarity with a given group of individuals and their practices through intensiveRead MoreEconomics Is The Science Of Scarcity1728 Words   |  7 Pageslimited resources. Essentially, economics deals with the production, distribution, and consumption of goods and services. The societies in the books 1984 and Fahrenheit 451 both take advantage of some form of an economic system, whether it be the command economy of Oceania, or the overly consumerist economy of the dystopian United States. An economic system is how a society deals with these factors. The three main questions that an economic system is supposed to answer are: What will we produce? HowRead MoreThe Ju/’Hoansi of the Kalahari1675 Words   |  7 PagesSan live scattered over many Southern African countries, far away from their original traditional hunting grounds. Some of them are city â€Å"squatters†, some farm laborers, and some have been resettled b y their respective Governments to specific ghettos. The struggles that they endure have allowed them to fall into a passive existence unlike their traditional hard working nature, and many of them have been forgotten by greater society. Only one tribe continues to occupy their ancestral land; the Ju/’hoansiRead MoreThe Impact Of Australian Colonization On Australian Society1709 Words   |  7 Pagesmarginalisation and extreme disadvantage within Australian society. Urban-based Aboriginal people, even more than those living in remote communities, have been subject to the impact of racism and discrimination on self-identity. Nonetheless, many urban-based Aboriginal people proudly identify with their Aboriginality, asserting their identity. In this case study, I will examine the identity of Aboriginal Australian’s, comparing this construction from the time period of colonisation in Australia to the currentRead MoreThe Period Of Rome And Greece1467 Words   |  6 Pages black death† caused by Yersinia pestis a contagion bacterial. This disease began in China, killing close to 35 million Asians. These infectious disease then spread to humans from infected fleas, from plague-ridden host (rats), flea’s diet consisted of the infected rats. This plague journeyed to Europe on merchant ships from China through infected rats. Due to deficiency of proper medical care and uncleanliness assisted in the scatter of the disease. Studies have shown that during this era, the

Technology Is Becoming More And More Advanced - 1460 Words

He said that as technology is becoming more and more advanced, some people nowadays forget how important it is to observe architecture in person, not just appreciating it through two-dimensional representations, such as photography, other sorts of graphic art pieces or paintings. It is too convenient for them to do so, but in this way, they could not receive the sensual qualities evoked by the spaces. Architecture has the ability to stimulate and awake all the senses within one, but not just vision. One has to be there at the site so as to completely perceive and understand a space, only the architecture itself can let the eyes of the users observe and appreciate freely among all the intensive details, thus perceiving the atmosphere within. 2. Atmosphere To some extent, atmosphere is your first impression of a building or a space, it is how you instantly feel about it, the intensity and the mood you get at that very moment. Peter Zumthor mentioned that first impressions of architecture are significant, as they are something spontaneously happen in our subconscious, where we realize and get the atmosphere through our sensory organs quickly. Such immediate form of perception enables us to appreciate or reject things merely in a second. It is very true that every first impression does play an important part of one’s perception of an atmosphere. But the thing is, atmosphere can be changed over time, as there are a lot more factors that affect one’sShow MoreRelatedTechnology Is Becoming More Advanced, Adolescents Are Using The Internet More Than Adults For Social Interactions1961 Words   |  8 PagesPSYCHOLOGY 101 Cyber Bullying Professor Rogers Jessica Dillard 5/9/2016 â€Æ' Abstract: Since technology is becoming more advanced, adolescents are using the internet more than adults for social interactions. Examples include text-messaging, social media sites, email, and sharing videos or pictures. Patti M. Valkeiiburg, Jochen Peter, and others discuss different studies that were conducted to show how the internet has changed from the 1990’s till the late 2000’s. The author’s compares theRead MoreTechnology : The Impact Of Technology And Its Impact On The Future905 Words   |  4 Pagesliving in an era of advanced technology, where every part of our daily lives is impacted by it. Recently we have found ourselves heavily dependent on the use technology and our needs and demands for more keep rising. The more advanced it becomes, the more it seems to have control over our lives. While it is impossible to explore how each new advanced technology has impacted our lives and how it will impact the future, it continues to affect our environment, people a nd society. Technology by its self isRead MoreTechnology in the American Classroom1154 Words   |  5 Pages Technology has dramatically influenced our modern day culture in several ways; we now operate completely different compared to the past. In fact, it can be shown in many tasks that we very rarely complete a simple operation without the use of technology. For example, washing dishes, heating food, doing our homework, and even communication are all examples of how technology has evolved simple tasks. Even furthermore, technology has changed the way education has been taught and received in AmericanRead MoreTeaching Courses For Advanced Schooling1011 Words   |  5 PagesIn today’s world after graduating school there are so many options as far as advanced education goes. When I finish school I plan to continue my education to keep updated with new products and techniques. I personally will go to Aesthetics International in Camrillo. The cost for advanced schooling varies depending which classes you take. I personally know about two different schools Dermalogica and Aesthetics In ternational where I’ll be attending course to further my career. Not only can you takeRead More Weather and Technology Essay1153 Words   |  5 PagesWeather and Technology Weather has been almost an unpredictable element that the world faces every day. Predicting weather has almost been impossible until technology came into the picture. There have been big technological breakthroughs with satellites and radars that help forecasters predict future weather conditions all around the world. Technologies has advanced throughout the years and are continuing to become more advanced today. Technology has helped scientist understand the mostRead MoreTechnology And Its Effects On Human Interaction Essay1475 Words   |  6 Pagessociety understand, or at least have heard someone in their lives say, technology is becoming a distraction to the human population rather than an advancement. As technology has progressed, it has increasingly become a larger and more intergraded part of our everyday lives. Americans think that technology is huge today, but technology will be even more advanced in several decades. There are some clear positives to technology, such as the ease of long distances communication and the accessibilityRead MoreTechnology Is Too Reliant On Technology1539 Words   |  7 PagesBefore the advanced technology of today, kids were healthier, people talked to each other face to face, and couples met and dated in person. Now everything is done behind a screen and keyboard. Some argue this is a great advancement for mankind, however becoming too reliant on techn ology can severely damage some of the basic aspects of life that are slowly being diminished by technology. Today’s society is becoming too reliant on technology because it is causing increasing health issues, strainedRead MoreIn â€Å"Worship At The Altar of Convergence†, Henry Jenkins discusses the concept of convergence, where600 Words   |  3 Pages where technology is continuously advancing. This is seen amongst phone companies such as apple, and Samsung, where new advanced phones are released frequently. Phones are no longer regular single function phones, but rather smart phones, with multiple features such as touch screen features, games, high quality cameras and now smart phones such as the note 3 that act as tablets. This relates to what Jenkins was describing as the process of convergence, where consumers demand more advanced phonesRead MoreTechnology And Its Impact On Technology Essay1164 Words   |  5 PagesToo Smart? What is technology? Technology is the making, modification, usage, and knowledge of tools, machines, techniques, and methods to solve a problem and to achieve a goal. Technology is rapidly advancing every day to create a more efficient human lifestyle. However, technology is advancing rapidly to the point where it is becoming too intelligent, unpredictable, and uncontrollable for the human creators to control. Although the benefits tend to be great, the risks attached is far tooRead MoreTechnology In 1984 Essay1427 Words   |  6 Pagesuse of technology. The government managed to manipulate London’s population through technologies such as, telescreens, cameras, microphones, and the â€Å"thought police†. When writing the book, George Orwell’s perspective on technology was way beyond his decade. He envisioned technology to a highly advanced level which may have been nonexistent then, but now is reality. The unexpected effect technology had on society has shown that there is no way to predict the result in advanced technology. He clearly

Night Creature Crescent Moon Chapter 25 Free Essays

Deciding to confront Adam Ruelle and actually finding him were two different things. He wasn’t conveniently waiting for me in the living room of my rented abode. Of course, as previously noted, it was daytime. We will write a custom essay sample on Night Creature: Crescent Moon Chapter 25 or any similar topic only for you Order Now I headed into the swamp, reversing the map he’d once drawn to lead me from shack to mansion. He wasn’t there, either. Where did he go when the sun shone? I was tempted to use his shower. Never had gotten to check out Cassandra’s. But the idea of Adam arriving while I was naked and streaming wet stopped me, despite the grimy-grainy feeling of my skin and hair. How could I confront him with any sort of bravado fresh from a shower? I couldn’t. So I wandered around his three-room shack, knife in hand, as I searched for clues. They weren’t any more available than he was. Food, soap, clothes – the essentials – but there wasn’t a single scrap of the paraphernalia of daily life. No books. No papers. No bills, no checks, no MasterCard. If he lived here, where was his stuff? The more I looked around, the more annoyed I became. There had to be something that would mark this as Adam Ruelle’s place. Though I knew it was wrong, I went through everything. Every drawer, every shelf, every closet, even the medicine cabinet. I found nothing out of the ordinary. Not even a stray doggie biscuit or a bill from the local veterinarian. I lost track of time, or maybe the sun faded more quickly in the swamp, because when I pulled my head from under the sink, dusk had descended. Outside, a long, low howl began in the distance. Just one. But one was enough to make me want to run all the way home. ‘ To Boston. â€Å"Wuss,† I muttered. â€Å"You promised Simon you’d prove him right, but the first time you actually have a chance to discover something out of this world, you want to run home to Mommy.† As if Katherine O’ Malley would ever answer to such a crass monicker as Mommy. I’d been instructed to call her Kate the instant I’d grown a half an inch taller than her. Being me, I’d continued to refer to her as Ma whenever the opportunity arose. I crept to the front window and peered at the steadily falling night The cypress trees blotted out the last of the sun. The sky was both bright blue and bloodred – stunning and scary in one. Just like Adam. My fingers curled around the knife. Staring at it, I frowned. I couldn’t kill him. I needed him alive. Which might be tough. â€Å"Maybe I should – â€Å" â€Å"What?† My head went up. He was already inside the room. Fully clothed in loose dark pants, boots, and a black T-shirt, so at least I didn’t have to deal with the mind-numbing sight of too much bare, bronzed skin. What I’d been going to say was wait for the cage and the tranquilizer gun. Glad I hadn’t mentioned those out loud. â€Å"Go,† I finished on a whisper. His lips turned up just a little. â€Å"Stay instead, cher.† He was so damn gorgeous, he couldn’t be human. I slid the hand that held the knife behind my thigh as he crossed the room. I let him get close, put his arm around my waist, press that great body and beautiful mouth against mine. We even did the tongue tango for several seconds. Hey, if I had to kill him, I should at least make sure he died happy. I yanked off his shirt. Then, while he was nuzzling my neck and stroking my breasts, growing hard against my stomach, making me almost forget one little problem, I brought the knife up fast I couldn’t stab him. I didn’t have it in me. Instead, I pressed the silver against his skin. He shoved me away with a hiss, and my heart seemed to stop. I stared at his arm, expecting smoke, finding none. Hell, I was going to have to try again. I tightened my grip, and he kicked my hand. I didn’t even see it coming. The knife flew. He grabbed my wrist and twisted it behind my back. â€Å"What de hell?† he growled. â€Å"You crazy?† He tugged a little tighter, and agony shot through my shoulder. â€Å"Are you the loup-garou?† I blurted. He released me so fast, I fell to my knees, peering at him through the tangle of my hair. He stared back with no expression whatsoever. â€Å"I am not,† he said. â€Å"I’m supposed to take your word for it?† â€Å"You asked. I answered.† â€Å"The knife was silver. You flinched.† â€Å"It was a knife, Diana. You think I’d let you stick me and see if I exploded?† My eyes narrowed. â€Å"How did you know silver makes a werewolf explode?† He swore in French, then stalked to where the knife had fallen, picked it up, and pressed the blade against his bare chest Nothing happened. With a practiced movement, he flipped the thing into the air, caught the sharp end, and offered me the handle. Climbing to my feet, I took the weapon but set it on a table. â€Å"Everyone knows silver and werewolves do not mix,† he said. â€Å"Everyone?† â€Å"Everyone around here.† I fidgeted, uncertain what to do or say next. â€Å"You have more questions. Ask.† â€Å"Is your family cursed?† He shrugged. â€Å"Some say we are.† â€Å"Was your ancestor cursed to run as a wolf under the crescent moon?† Adam’s blue eyes, the eyes of the wolf in my dream, my premonition, my harsh parting from reality, met mine. â€Å"No,† he answered. I tried to determine if he was telling me the truth, but I couldn’t I might have shared more with this man than I’d shared with any other except my husband, but I didn’t know him. I couldn’t trust him. â€Å"Ruelle means famous wolf,† I blurted. â€Å"Just like Diana means moon goddess.† He tilted his head, and his hair slid across one eye. â€Å"Maybe I should wonder about you and de silver, hmm?† He picked up the knife, and a nicker of fear raced through me. Why hi hell had I put the thing down? â€Å"Come here.† He beckoned with the blade. I shook my head and backed away. â€Å"Never run, cher. Wolves like to chase.† â€Å"This isn’t funny, Adam.† He wasn’t laughing. Neither was I. But we were both breaming pretty hard. A lot of eye contact. Stalk. Retreat My shoulders hit the wall. His lips lifted just a little. I wasn’t sure if I was scared spitless or aroused beyond redemption. Maybe both. He stepped in close, crowding me with his body, bumping me with his erection. I couldn’t move. Did I want to? For an instant I struggled, but that only made us fit together even better. I was more rubbing than fighting against him. When I stilled, so did he. â€Å"Don’t† I whispered. His gaze on my breasts, which strained against the tank top I’d worn to offset the heat he lifted his eyes to mine as he lowered the knife to the neck of the shirt. With one deft movement he split the material. The cotton fell away, hanging uselessly from my shoulders as damp ah* trickled across my chest. My nipples puckered inside my plain white bra. â€Å"Don’t what?† he murmured, pressing the cool silver blade to my heated skin. â€Å"Stop.† â€Å"Is it don’t?† He lifted the knife, careful not to nick me, and caught the tip in the wisp of material holding the two A cups together. â€Å"Or is it stop?† He was very good with the weapon. He’d no doubt had secret commando training, though I doubted he’d ever used a knife in quite this way. Then again, maybe he had. Maybe he did this all the time, with all the girls. I gave a mental wince at the thought of other women, which was foolish. This was about sex, not love, and that was how we both wanted it. I stared into his face, and I saw nothing but a man who desired me as much as I desired him. My suspicions proved groundless, my accusations now seemed foolish. â€Å"Don’t stop,† I said. He flicked the knife and my bra snapped open. If I’d had any breasts to speak of, they’d have whapped him in the chest As it was, they slid along his bare skin, the sensation better than an ice-cream cone in the middle of July. Both relief and desire, sweetness and sin. I wrapped my fingers in his hair tight enough to make him grunt as I tugged his mouth to mine. And the knife clattered to the floor. How to cite Night Creature: Crescent Moon Chapter 25, Essay examples

Management Accounting and Control

Question: Discuss about the Management Accounting and Control. Answer: Original Budget Statement for 9000 Units In this solution we will prepare original budget statement of Procter and Gamble Company which is engaged into manufacturing and distribution of beauty and personal care products. This company is engaged into manufacturing and distribution of beauty and personal care products under various premium brands like Pantene, Gillette and Olay. Company is leading company has significance in this industry. Since recent years company is under performing so that its management is afraid of losing their presence in the market and trying to do more efforts to get previous reputation in the market. This time company is under performing in the comparison of its competitors company like LOreal, Unilever, which are also number one companies of respective industry. company is worried about is performance because in The Chinese market its product are of low quality but in country like India where this industry is emerging these products are so high level that citizens are not willing to buy these products. Hence company is researching on a product which is of mid range hence company is planning to launch its new product which is Alpha 577 this is mid range product and have quali ty to fulfill all the requirements of customer. For this product company estimated that it would sale 10000 units in a month but in reality there is sale of 9000 units. So there is budgeted statement for 9000 units on the basis of budgeted cost. Company - Procter Gamble Statement of Original budget for the month of October (Based on actual sold unites i.e. 9000 Units) Elements of statement Workings Amount Sales: 9000*88 792,000.00 9000 units @ Euro 88 per unit Less: Variable Cost of product Materials (Direct) : Direct Material A: 2 K.g. per unit @ Euro 10 Per K.g. 2*10*9000 180,000.00 Direct Material B: 1 K.g. per unit @ Euro 15 Per K.g. 1*15*9000 135,000.00 Labour (Direct) 3 Hours @ Euro 9 per hour 3*9*9000 243,000.00 Variable Overhead Expenditure 3 Hours @ Euro 2 per hour 3*2*9000 54,000.00 Total Variable cost of product 612,000.00 Contribution on product (Sales - Variable Cost of Product) 180,000.00 Less: Fixed Overhead Expenditure 120000*9000/10000 108,000.00 Budgeted profit on actual units i.e. 9000 units Contribution - Fixed Overhead Expenditure 72,000.00 Statement of variance analysis for Procter and Gamble In this solution we will prepare variance analysis statement of Procter and Gamble Company which is engaged into manufacturing and distribution of beauty and personal care products. This statement will reflect the difference between budgeted results and actual results of company. This company Procter and Gamble is engaged into manufacturing and selling of beauty and personal care products under various premium brands like Pantene, Gillette and Olay. Company is number one company and has major significance in this industry. It has major part of revenue of this industry as well as has engaged many customers for its companys brands. Since many years the Company is not performing according to its past performance because of major changes in management and some wrong estimations made by company in past. Hence its management is afraid of losing companys reputation and importance in the market and industry and trying to do more efforts to get previous reputation and importance in the market. This time the Company is under performing in the comparison of its competitors company like LOreal, Unilever, which are also leading branded companies of beauty and personal care products industry. The Company is worried about is performance because in The Chinese market its pro duct are of low quality but in country like India where this industry is emerging these products are so high level that citizens are not willing to buy these products. Hence company is researching on a product which is of mid range hence company is planning to launch its new product which is Alpha 577 this is mid range product and have quality to fulfill all the requirements of customer. Now company prepared standard costing card for this product and estimated that it will sell 10000 units in month of October. When actual results were received that it sold 9000 units and there are other difference in what the company estimated and what the company received after actual performance so now company has asked us to prepare a statement of variance analysis so that it can further analysis the results and can take necessary actions. So following is the statement of variance analysis of Procter and Gamble Company for the month of October which is based on 9000 Units: Company - Procter Gamble Statement of variance analysis of Budgeted Profit and actual profit on the basis of 9000 Units Elements of Variance Formula to be used for calculation of variances Workings Find out Variance Nature of Variance i.e. Favourable or Unfavourable Direct Material Variances Direct Material Usage Variance Standard price per unit of material (Standard quantity for actual units - Actual quantity of actual units Materials: A: 10 (2*9000 - 19000) B: 15 (1*9000 - 10100) (26,500.00) Unfavourable Direct Material Price Variance Actual quantity purchased for actual units ( Standard price for per unit of material - Actual Price for per unit of material ) Materials: A: 19000 (10-11) B: 10100 (15-14) (8,900.00) Unfavourable Direct Material Cost Variance Direct Material Price Variance + Direct material usage variance -26500 + -8900 (35,400.00) Unfavourable Direct Labour Variances Direct Labour Efficiency Variance Standard labour rate per hour ( Standard hours worked for actual units - Actual Hours worked for actual units) 9(27000-28500) (13,500.00) Unfavourable Direct Labour Rate Variance Actual Labour worked hours (Standard rate per labour hour worked - Actual labour rate per hour worked) 28500 ( 9 - 9.60 ) (17,100.00) Unfavourable Direct Labour Cost variance Direct Labour Efficiency Variance + Direct Labour rate variance -13500 + -17100 (30,600.00) Unfavourable Variable Overhead Variances Variable Overhead Efficiency Variance Standard variable overhead rate per hour worked ( Standard variable hours worked for actual units - Actual Variable hours worked) 2(27000-28500) (3,000.00) Unfavourable Variable Overhead Expenditure Variance Actual Variable worked hours for actual Units ( Standard Variable Overhead rate per hour for actual units - Actual Variable overhead worked hours) 28500(2-1.825) 5,000.04 Variable Overhead Cost Variance Variable Overhead Efficiency Variance + Variable Overhead expenditure Variance 3000+5000.04 2,000.04 Favourable Fixed Overhead Variances Fixed Overhead Expenditure Variance Budgeted Overhead for budgeted units - Actual overhead 120000-116000 4,000.00 Favourable Fixed Overhead Efficiency Variance Fixed overhead absorption rate per hour ( Standard production hours for actual units - Actual Production hours) 4(27000-28500) (6,000.00) Unfavourable Fixed Overhead Capacity Variance Fixed overhead absorption rate per hour ( Actual Production hours - Budgeted Production hour for budgeted Units) 4(28500-30000) (6,000.00) Unfavourable Sales related variances Sales Volume Variance Standard profit per units for actual units ( Actual Sold units - Budgeted Sold Units) 8(9000-10000) (8,000.00) Unfavourable Sales Price Variance Actual Units Sold ( Actual selling price - Standard selling price) 9000(90-88) 18,000.00 Favourable Some important explanations: Due to inefficiency of production manager in production of product the Company over use material A for manufacturing of product. But in case of material B Companys manager of production department applied its knowledge and achieved target of reducing the quantity of material B with maintaining the quality of product. In purchasing the material A company paid excess rate in comparison of standard rate per unit of material. For this variance purchasing manager of purchase department will be responsible. Since this product is new for company as well as its labour hence for manufacturing this products labour took extra working hours in comparison to what the company expected in standard costing for this we cannot direct make responsible labour department head because all know that product is new and labour will take more and more hours to do this work. Further labour man also charged higher amount what the company expected because for manufacturing the new product labour also devoted extra time as well as extra efforts for this they charged extra wages. Since variable overhead are incurred in connection with labour. As labour work machine is also used hence if labour hours are increasing this will increase variable overhead hours due to which there is unfavourbale condition of variable overhead efficiency variance. Since it was first year so these differences may be accepted but after some time it will be better if all these variance convert into positive results. Company controlled its fixed overhead expenditure hence it achieved at target of reducing the fixed overhead expenditure. By promoting the product and due to past reputation of the company, it succeeds to sell the product at the rate which is higher than budgeted selling price. Reconciliation statement for budgeted results and actual results After getting budgeted profit and actual profit it is necessary to reconcile to find the calculation mistake and to get the overall reason of difference in budgeted profit and actual profit. For making the reconciliation statement we take budgeted profit and actual profit and then adjust both the profits with variances like material variances, labour variance, variables and fixed overhead analysis and sale variances. In reconciliation we always start with budgeted profit and then adjust various variances and finally we get actual results. If there is any mistake then our profits will not be reconciled. So following is the reconciliation statement of Procter and Gamble Company: Company - Procter Gamble Statement of Reconciliation for budgeted profit and actual profit Budgeted Profit for 10000 units 80,000.00 Sales Volume Variance (8,000.00) Standard Profit on 9000 units 72,000.00 Sale Price Variance 18,000.00 Standard Sale for 9000 units 90,000.00 Total Cost Variances Material Usage variance (26,500.00) Material Price Variance (8,900.00) Labour Efficiency Variance (13,500.00) Labour Rate Variance (17,100.00) Variable Overhead Efficiency variance (3,000.00) Variable Overhead Expenditure Variance 5,000.04 Fixed Overhead Efficiency Variance (6,000.00) Fixed Overhead Capacity Variance (6,000.00) Fixed Overhead Expenditure Variance 4,000.00 Actual Profit (Working Note) 18,000.04 Working Note Calculation of Actual Profit for 9000 Units Company - Procter Gamble Statement of actual profit on 9000 units Details Amount Sales of 9000 units @ Euro 90 per unit 810,000 Less: Variable Cost of product Direct Material used in product Material A: 19000 k.g. @ 11 Euro per k.g. 209,000 Material B: 10100 K.g. @ 14 Euro per K.g. 141,400 Direct labour cost 28500 Worked hours @ Euro 9.60 per hour 273,600 Variable overhead 52,000 Total Variable Cost of product 676,000 Contribution of product i.e. sales - variable cost of product 134,000 Less: Fixed Cost 116,000 Actual profit for 9000 units 18,000 Solution 3 Analysis report on importance of variance analysis for directing the attention of management into business Executive summary This analysis report on importance of variance analysis is concerned to management that management should analysis variance report of company and should give proper attention into business so that any unfavourable variance cannot be repeated in future. When starting operation of forthcoming years every company made an estimation of cost and sale on some technical basis which is called standard costing. In this standard costing on the basis of past performance, present stand of company, future plans and market conditions it prepares an estimation about the future. But due to many reasons company cannot meet its planned costing hence there may be variations in standard costing and planned costing hence it is necessary to find out the deficiencies and responsible persons so that such responsible person may give more attention in business of company. In this report, we will discuss importance of variance analysis of management by taking an overview of variance analysis report of company Procter and Gamble for October month. In this company there are many variances so we will find out the reasons and then will give some major points which will describe importance of variance analysis. Variance analysis shows mirror to management of company about their performance so that if there is any unfavorable situation they can take reasonable steps to avoid unfavourable situation. Without variance analysis management will not know about their performance and they will do work without any purpose which may cause loss to company. Summary about Procter and Gamble Company Procter and Gamble Company is a leading company in manufacturing and distribution of beauty and personal care products. It is engaged in manufacturing of many brands like Olay, Pantene, Gillette etc. these products have their own importance in market. Recently company reported that its performance was not so good according to its expectation and reputation and its competitors company like LOrel or Unilever is performing very well. Hence company is afraid of its competitors and wants to do some innovative to come back in its past performance. So now company is planning to introduce a new product which is also a beauty and personal care product for which company did market analysis and expect about its production and sale. This new product is Alpha 577 for which company expected that it will be able to sale 10000 units but company sold 9000 units of this product. So there is one variation of sales units. Apart from this there are many other variations like material, labour, variable an d fixed overhead etc. Variance Analysis Meaning of Variance in standard costing is difference between standard results and actual results. When any company prepares variance statement of difference between budgeted results and actual results then motive of company is to find out the favourable and unfavourable condition in business. (The Economic Times, n.d.) Mere calculation of variance is not sufficient until management will not know about their performance. So analysis of variance is necessary. (Bragg, S., 2014) In present era variance analysis is essential part of companys analysis reports. Company appoints experienced professional who analysis the standard and actual results so that results can be communicated to management for improvement. Significance of the variance analysis for directing the attention of management into business of the company As described above that merely calculation of variance analysis is not sufficient for the company as by calculation only company will get the results but after analysis the results it will enter into depth of companys performance and will decide the responsibility of the management so that management will motivate for further improvement and managers who are doing well will motivate to do more and more excellent work. In this section we will take reference of Procter and Gamble Companys variance analysis for better understanding Following is the some major points which will describe the importance of variance analysis for directing the attention of management into business of company: Finding out weak areas: By doing variance analysis management find out that where the company got unfavourable variances and what are the reasons of getting such unfavourable variances. In variance analysis management go into depth of variance and take a detailed analysis of companys overall performance. If there is need of new technology or there is requirement for change in management for betterment than it will take quick actions. (Ramiah, B., 2014) For example in this company there is unfavourable condition in Material B in both the situation like it may be price variance or it may be usage variance. So now manager of Material B will be responsible for this variance hence material B is the weak area off company so company will take detail analysis of this material and may try to replace it with new material. 1. Assignment of responsibility to concerned person: By doing depth analysis of variances we find that which manager is responsible for this difference. If it is not fault of manager then we will do another analysis to find out the correct reasons. In absence of proper analysis we will consider manager of respective department as defaulter and we may take necessary actions against him which will cause loss to company. (Finance Management, n.d.) 2. Motivation to management personnel: If there is favourable condition i.e. we get favourable variance that does mean that because of efforts of managers the Company gets this target so the company will fascinate the manager and it will motivate him to do work with more and more efforts and intelligence. (Ahmad, S., n.d.) 3. Major decisions may be taken on time: By analyzing the variance company will get the knowledge that what are the areas which are required for major improvements. So that management will prepare future plan. If company does not prepare variance analysis statement it will not focus on weak areas and overall company will be affected. So by this company will take necessary actions. (Siddiqui, F., 2015) Conclusion In this report we present importance or significance of variance analysis for any company so that it may direct the management for giving attention in the companys operations. Analysis of variances means that after calculation of variance the Companys management should review that where the difference and what are are the reasons of such difference. because in absence of proper variance analysis management will do work without any special attention and weak areas may be left without improvement and if there are personnel who did work will not be motivated and it may be possible that they will not try to do more work with efficiency due to ignorance of company toward their work. In this company also analysis of variance is very necessary. In case of labour variances we cannot make responsible the manager of labour department because company is launching new product and new product will take more time and efficiency in comparison of old products hence by analysis only it will now the exact reason of these variances. For favourable sale price variance, company will be able to motivate the manager of sale department which will motivate him to do work in future with lot of energy and motivation. Hence it is concluded that variance analysis are very important for company and companys management and it give an extra confirmation about performance of the company and it is like mirror which shows the performance of the company to the management. References Bragg, S., 2014, What is varianceanalysis?, available at https://www.accountingtools.com/questions-and-answers/what-is-variance-analysis.html [Online] [Accessed on 13/07/2016] The Economic Times, n.d., Definition of 'Variance Analysis, available at https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/definition/variance-analysis [Online] [Accessed on 13/07/2016] Ramiah, B., 2014, The importance of variance analysis, available at https://www.linkedin.com/pulse/20141007165410-20768213-the-importance-of-variance-analysis [Online] [Accessed on 13/07/2016] Finance Management, n.d., Variance Analysis, available at https://www.efinancemanagement.com/budgeting/variance-analysis [Online] [Accessed on 13/07/2016] Ahmad, S., n.d., Managerial Usefulness/Importance of Variance Analysis, available at https://www.accountingdetails.com/usefulness_of_variances.htm [Online] [Accessed on 13/07/2016] Siddiqui, F., 2015, The Role of Variance Analysis in Businesses Management, available at https://fareedsiddiqui.com/index.php/tag/importance-of-variance-analysis/ [Online] [Accessed on 13/07/2016]